CSF

Abstract: Mechanical pressure on dural or fascial wound edges exerted by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is thought to impair proper apposition of the wound borders and therefore prevent healing. Interestingly, it has been observed that the surgical tissues exposed to CSF do not bleed,
exhibit smooth edges, and have no evidence of granulation tissue formation. This raises the question of whether the constituents of CSF
themselves impair normal wound healing. However, the biochemical interaction of CSF with the healing process has not been
investigated. Here, we hypothesize that CSF exhibits anti-angiogenic properties and therefore inhibits the healing process.

Conclusions: CSF inhibited cord formation with a dose-dependent tendency, implying that it contains signaling molecules that preclude angiogenesis. This effect was cell specific and not observed
with fibroblasts. These experiments suggest that CSF, rather than acting as an inert bystander, may actively impair healing by inhibiting
capillary formation.

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Abstract: The central nervous system's (CNS) complicated design is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, the complexity is what gives rise to higher order thinking; but on the other hand, damage to the CNS evokes its unforgiving nature. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation system is an intricate system embedded in and around the CNS that has been the topic of debate since it was first described in the 18th century. It is underscored by the choroid plexus's distinct vascular network which has conventionally been seen as the most prominent structure in CSF production through a variety of active transporters and channels. Despite the ubiquity of this circulation system in vertebrates, some aspects remain understudied. Recent advances in scientific methodology and experimentation have proven to be effective tools for elucidating the mechanisms of the CSF circulation system and the pathological conditions associated with its malfunction. In this review, we capitulate the classical understanding of CSF physiology as well as a new, emerging theory on CSF production.

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Abstract: Wound healing is a complicated process requiring the collaborative efforts of different cell lineages. Our recent studies have found that one subset of hematopoietic cells can be induced to dedifferentiate into multipotent stem cells by means of a proliferating fibroblast releasable factor, M-CSF.

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Abstract: Microglia are the primary immune cells of the brain whose phenotype largely depends on their surrounding micro-environment. Microglia respond to a multitude of soluble molecules produced by a variety of brain cells. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) is a cytokine found in the brain whose receptor is expressed by microglia. Previous studies suggest a critical role for M-CSF in brain development and normal functioning as well as in several disease processes involving neuroinflammation.

Conclusion: We show here that the cytokine M-CSF dramatically influences the phenotype of adult human microglia. These results pave the way for future investigation of M-CSF-related targets for human therapeutic benefit.

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Abstract: The process of wound healing involves a complex interplay of cells, mediators, growth factors and cytokines. GM-CSF has been shown to be involved in a number of processes essential in this event. Topically applied rhGM-CSF has been reported to successfully treat wounds with diverse etiology, including burns, chronic venous leg ulcers, pressure ulcers, and leprosy ulcers, both in animal experiments and clinical studies.

Conclusion: When wounds takes place, monocytes are recruited and become macrophages once enter into the wounded area. These cells are not only phagocytic, removing cellular and microbial debris from the wound early after injury, these cells, together with the keratinocytes, also release a number of cytokines and growth factors, including GM-CSF, other colony-stimulating factors, growth factors, and interleukins, that orchestrate subsequent healing of the wound.

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Abstract: We hypothesize that stasis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) occurs commonly and is detrimental to health. Physiologic factors affecting the normal circulation of CSF include cardiovascular, respiratory, and vasomotor influences.

Conclusion: There is evidence to suggest that CSF stasis may occur commonly in the absence of pathology or symptomatology, and may have adverse systemic health effects. CSF stasis may be associated with adverse mechanical cord tension, vertebral subluxation syndrome, reduced cranial rhythmic impulse and restricted respiratory function. Various structural and energetic therapies may have the effect of enhancing CSF flow, but little is known about their mechanism of action and effectiveness in this regard. Further investigation into the nature and causation of CSF stasis, its effects upon human health, and effective therapies for its correction, is warranted.

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